Production de chaleur — cascade modulante, COP saisonnier réel 4-7. Fait partie de la famille "glass" — comme notre BESS glass, usine à biogaz et centrale à cogénération (CHP).
La pompe à chaleur 2 est le deuxième étage de la cascade — elle est activée lorsque la PAC de base atteint sa limite de modulation. Plusieurs petites unités modulantes couvrent la plage de charge (minimum 8 %) bien plus finement qu'une seule grande PAC surdimensionnée (minimum 35 %).
Cela maintient chaque unité à un point de fonctionnement efficace au lieu d'un cyclage (chaîne K08) — le cyclage use le compresseur et dégrade le COP.
Pompe(s) à chaleur modulante(s), cascade 4x100 kW, tampon (stratifié) :
Overview: The Glass Pool →· Marchés :marchés des piscines →
Surveillé : en continu · les deux unités l'une par rapport à l'autre
Le scénario :Deux machines identiques, l'une travaillant plus intensément en silence. Chaque machine semble correcte sur son propre indicateur — le déséquilibre n'apparaît que lorsque le binôme est lu comme une paire.
Méthode prouvée sur un centre aquatique de référence en Europe ; présentée anonymement.
Estimation à partir des valeurs mesurées / de conception. Les fenêtres sans importation sur le réseau sont réelles (mesurées).
Grounded in the applicable national standards for pool water treatment, plant energy performance and building energy performance. Same knowledge base as the European reference site; presented anonymously.
Modern inverter pool air-to-water heat pumps reach rated-point COPs (source 26 °C, sink 27 °C) between 14 and 18 (e.g. AquaForte InverterPro 16.5, Microwell HP1500 Split 17, Pontaqua Inverter+ 14). These are data-sheet values at the thermodynamically most favourable operating point. The seasonal COP (SCOP) — accounting for heat-up phases, cooler sources and standstill losses — sits at 8-12. Inverter pool HPs typically modulate between 30 % and 100 % of rated output; some industrial models (Carrier 30RB, Stiebel WPL) down to 25 %. The source must be > 5 °C for the evaporator to work without icing.
Basis: Manufacturer data sheets (AquaForte, Microwell, Pontaqua)
Filter backwash water is the most valuable heat source for pool heat pumps. Temperature: pool set-point minus 3-5 K (26 °C for a hall pool, 19 °C outdoor). Volume: typically 1× the filter-bed volume per day, approx. 5-10 m³ per filter. Energy content: with a 60 m² backwash tank surface at 25 °C water this yields 290 kWh/d of usable heat on the HP evaporator side. Connection: a heat exchanger between backwash water and the HP brine loop keeps the evaporator clean. Investment: ~10 k€ for the exchanger + controls.
Basis: the applicable national standard.10 + manufacturer data
For pools with strongly varying heat load (outdoor heat-up in April, near-zero summer, hall pool year-round) a cascade of several modulating pool heat pumps beats one large unit. A 500 kW industrial air-water HP with inverter min 30-40 % covers a 175-500 kW window. A cascade of 4 × 125 kW pool HPs covers 37-500 kW (8 % min) via stepped switching — far closer to the actual load profile. Benefits: redundancy (loss of one HP is 25 % of capacity, not 100 %), better modulation onto the PV profile, less cycling in low summer load.
Basis: the heat-pump performance guideline / the pool operating guideline
The applicable standard defines the seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP) averaged across the year. Crucially it includes heat-up phases, standstill losses and auxiliary loads (pumps, controls). A realistic SCOP for an inverter pool air-water HP on a warm source is 8-12 (versus a rated-point COP of 14-18). Factors that depress SCOP: a cold source in winter (outdoor air), a high sink (pool heat-up) and frequent cycling (oversizing). For grant applications a conservative SCOP of 8 is advisable — even where a model computes 11.3, that is a best-case assumption.
Basis: the heat-pump performance guideline-1 + the national pool-operators association
CHP units were standard in pools in the 2010s but are usually economically inferior to heat-pump concepts today. CHP advantage: constant base heat load (a hall pool is ideal) and self-generated power. Disadvantages: high specific heat-generation cost (~7 ct/kWh) versus a heat pump on a warm source (~3 ct/kWh at SCOP 10); no regional grant when paired with federal CHP funding; worse CO₂ balance (natural gas) than the power mix. CHP makes sense only for hot-water hygiene needs above 60 °C or as peak-load back-up. A pool without special hot-water hygiene needs should not prioritise CHP.
Basis: the national pool-operators association + AGFW + practice
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